Helmut, Berger; Eisenhut, Thomas; Polak, Sascha; Hinterberger, Robert, 2011
Summary
Due to increased use of renewable energy resouces modells like DR are needed. DR is cheaper than new peak load plants. Technical and economic potential in Austria available. But no buisness modell. Policy framework is suitable for DR.
von Roon, Serafin; Gobmaier, Thomas, 2010
Summary
The concept of load management in industry is well known in Germany and has been used for decades. With Demand Response (DR), this performance reserve can be bundled from several companies. This makes plannable and short-term service delivery possible. This approach goes beyond the optimization of individual operations and is in its infancy in Germany. In the US, however, the Demand Response business model has been successfully practiced for several years. The technical potential in terms of suitable consumers exists in Germany. Due to the increasing feed-in of renewable energies, the conventional power plant park has to drive higher gradients. Forecast errors have to be compensated in the short term. There are increasingly grid bottlenecks, especially if the designated grid expansion continues to be so slow. However, the increasing feed-in of renewable energies will further improve the basic conditions for DR. In the field of billing and transaction costs, there are still barriers, for which, however, simple solutions can be identified. It is recommended that, as a first step, to bundle large consumers of preferably few industrial companies. This performance should initially be marketed as a minute reserve. This should be done in close consultation with the stakeholders, such as the transmission and distribution system operators and the energy supply companies. As a result, the measure‘s feasibility and cost-effectiveness can be demonstrated. A scientific accompanying research should quantify the energy-economic effects and help with the standardization. A targeted information transfer helps to counteract reservations and to refute prejudices so that the existing potential in Germany can be realized.
ETG-Task Force Demand Side Management, 2012
Summary
In the future, fluctuating feed-in of renewable energies will increasingly lead to large load fluctuations, which, for reasons of system stability, may necessitate large-scale shutdowns of plants or the connection of standard power plants. In order to fully integrate renewable energy, new technical and economic measures are needed to make the energy supply system more flexible. These include grid expansion, flexible power plants, energy storage and controllable loads (DSI - Demand Side Integration). The study presents the potential of flexible load management to shift available capacities, to minimize load fluctuations, to reduce peak loads and to avoid electricity over- or under-production caused by renewable energies. It further shows that Germany already has a theoretical DSI performance potential of about 25 GW (2010), which can double by 2030. However, according to the simulations and analyses, the technical one-day DSI performance potential is 8.5 GW (2010). About half of this is accounted for by the household sector and the trade, commerce and services sector, which corresponds to the power requirement of around 4 million households. However, today DSI is practically applied only in the industry, while the load shifting potential in private households and in the trade, commerce and services area is still hardly used. In order to exploit the considerable and further growing potential for load shifting, suitable technical and economic conditions must be created. Therefore, the study recommends optimising the equipment and facilities as well as the expansion of an information and communication infrastructure, the efficient provision of households with smart meters for variable tariffs with specific market incentives, as well as new investments in industry under economic conditions.
Element Energy Ltd., 2012
Summary
The expected increase in electricity demands over the coming years, combined with significant changes to the generation mix will result in challenges to maintaining secure, affordable supplies. The UK‟s electricity system is currently sized to meet peak demands (that only occur infrequently), which leads to generating plant and transmission and distribution networks being under-utilised for much of the time. Demand side response (DSR) is a broad term that refers to a range of mechanisms designed to reduce peak demands on the electricity system, potentially delivering a number of benefits including reduced cost of electricity supply and improved efficiency of investment in transmission and distribution networks. The study explores the potential for DSR in the non-domestic sector. The principal aims of this research are first to quantify the technical potential for DSR in non-domestic buildings, and second to assess the barriers to further uptake of DSR and identify enabling mechanisms required for the potential to be realised. The potential for DSR measures to reduce peak demands depends on the flexibility of electricity end uses, i.e. the extent to which demand can be reduced or delayed in response to price signals for example. The greatest flexibility is typically associated with demands related to loads with storage or in-built inertia (e.g. hot water, heating, air conditioning). Flexible loads may be interrupted for a period with minimal or no impact on building occupiers. On the other hand, some loads (e.g. computing, lighting) exhibit very limited flexibility and are therefore unsuited to DSR measures. The study estimates that non-domestic buildings (excluding industry) contribute approximately 15GW (ca.30%) to winter peak demands on Great Britain’s national grid. The retail, education and commercial offices sectors contribute most to peak demands, with a relatively even contribution from the remaining sub-sectors. This suggests that engagement across all building types will be required to fully exploit the DSR potential. Assessment of the technical potential suggests that DSR measures could reduce winter peak demands due to non-domestic buildings from 1 - 4.5GW (or 0.6 - 2GW if no flexibility can be provided from lighting). Engagement with DSR in non-domestic buildings is currently very low, due to a combination of barriers including lack of focus on energy issues, lack of awareness of DSR measures, concerns of negative impacts on service levels and an unclear economic case for action. Consumers in this sector are unlikely to accept any impact on service levels to accommodate DSR measures. It is likely that a range of enabling mechanisms will be required to support greater uptake of DSR in non-domestic buildings. Measures are required to increase confidence in and awareness of DSR, to reduce complexity of DSR arrangements and to demonstrate the economic case.